The Southampton Six, in plain English.

In 2007, researchers at the University of Southampton ran a study in The Lancet on 297 children in the community. They found that mixtures of six artificial colours and a common preservative were linked to higher hyperactive behaviour ratings. Since 2010, UK and EU law has required any food or drink containing one of those six colours to carry a warning.

The UK warning label, verbatim:
"may have an adverse effect on activity and attention in children"

This tool is a free, plain-English read of those additives, with current UK ingredients for common products and a pharmacist's note on children's medicines.

The 18 additives, at a glance

The Southampton Six carry the UK warning label. The other 12 are worth knowing about. Tap a card to read the pharmacist's note.

Children's OTC medicines

Children's liquid medicines sometimes contain one of the six colours that carry the UK warning label. The active ingredient is the medicine. The colour is cosmetic. A colour-free version of the same active ingredient is usually on the same shelf or behind the counter.

How to use this tool for your child's OTC medicine

Take the bottle or carton off the shelf, find the ingredients list (excipients), and paste it into the paste-an-ingredient-list tab above. The tool reads it the same way it reads any food label.

If anything in the Southampton Six is in there (E102, E104, E110, E122, E124, E129), the tool will show you. Then ask your pharmacist for a colour-free version of the same active ingredient. Most pharmacies stock one. Calpol Infant Sugar Free Colour Free is one verified UK example for paracetamol 120 mg per 5 ml.

Always speak to your pharmacist before changing a child's medicine. The cosmetic colour is not the medicine. The active ingredient and the dose are what matter clinically. The colour is what matters for the Southampton question.

Your personalised shopping guide

A colour-coded summary of every product you've searched, with the simplest cleaner-label swap on UK shelves.

Save your shopping guide

Get your colour-coded shopping guide for every product you've searched, with the simplest cleaner-label swap for each.

If your child has attention or activity differences

This tool is one input among many. NICE guidance (NG87) advises against routinely removing artificial colours as a generally applicable treatment for ADHD, but it does recommend asking about foods and drinks that seem to influence behaviour, keeping a simple diary, and referring to a paediatric dietitian if the diary supports a pattern. The Southampton research and the UK warning label are good reasons to read the label. The structured way to find out whether your child is in the responsive subgroup is to remove, then reintroduce, alongside clinical care. Speak to your GP or pharmacist.

Worth thinking through

  • Many medicines come in a colour-free version. If a specific one matters to you, the packaging or your pharmacist can tell you what is available.
  • If you suspect a link between a food and how your child behaves, the structured route is a simple food diary, and a paediatric dietitian can help you read it.
  • If your child reacts to one specific product, the simplest first step is usually to remove that product and see what changes.
  • NICE guidance (NG87) sets out what the evidence says about diet and behaviour. A GP or pharmacist can talk you through how it applies to your situation.

Remove harm before adding benefit

We start with what's worth removing, because removing the regulator-flagged stuff is the simplest step, the cheapest step, and the step that doesn't ask you to add a single new thing to the cupboard. Once that's done, the rest of the conversation about what to add is easier to have.

Where to go next

Toxic Load Audit £12

Want the full picture of your household's exposure load? The Toxic Load Audit asks 49 questions across food, water, air, skin and home. It produces a personalised priority list, in the same plain-English pharmacist voice.

Complete E-Number Encyclopaedia Coming soon

Every E-number, in plain English, with the current UK regulatory status. The reference you'll come back to.

Personal Behaviour and Diet Audit Coming soon

If you suspect a link between what your child eats and how they behave, this is the structured 'n-equals-one' trial protocol: diary, elimination, reintroduction, with the questions to take to your dietitian and GP.

Holistic Health Assessment

Book a longer conversation about the whole picture.

When to seek medical advice. If your child has a sudden change in behaviour, mood, breathing, skin (rash or hives), or wakefulness, contact your GP, NHS 111 or A and E as appropriate. This tool is not a replacement for clinical care. It is a reference, not a diagnosis.